1) Wan
matt
2) Prodigality
Verschwendungssucht
3) Feigned
vorgetaeuscht, geheuchelt
4) Languidly
gelangweilt, muede
5) Colossal
riesig
6) Complacency
Selbstgefaelligkeit, Wohlbehagen
7) Levity
Ungezwungenheit, Leichtherzigkeit
8) Extemporizing
improvisierend
9) Supercilious
arrogant
10) Infinitesimal
verschwindend klein
11) Fractiousness
Reizbarkeit

Words Of They Day

Fractiousness (n)
My fractiousness is extremely stressed when I'm coming home hungry after basketball practice and all there is to eat is soup. I hate it.

Words Of The Day

Supercilious (adj)
Being super successful in sports might be a trigger for someone to be supercilious.

Infinitesimal (adj)
I can just repeat this sentence: The chances I will score a point for basketball are infinitesimal :(

Words Of The Day

Levity (n)
My levity made me join the basketball team. Oh gosh. What a mistake.

extemporizing (adj)
I extemporized on the basketball court during the Don Hather tournament because I had to idea what to do.

Words of the Day

colossal (adj)
Being colossal is a huge advantage for playing basketball successfully.

complacency (n)
I am very complacent at the moment because I just ate a banana. 

The Great Gatsby Study Questions

#1
The valley of ashes is halfway between west egg and new york, it's a farm where ashes grow, everything is grey, it symbolizes death
T. J. Eckleburg's billboard stands there, he is staring down on the people

#2
These eyes are watching everything because they are huge, like God's eyes

#3
Nick describes him as blond,  spiritless man, anaemic, and faintly handsome. All in all, he seems lifeless. His wife is more lively but not attractive either.
He symbolizes the death of the American Dream because he appears to be liveless, almost dead. He didn't make it from rags to riches.

#4
New York is a big and busy city. A lot of different people live and work there.The place where dreams and reality meet.

#5
It is a gossip magazine, it symbolizes that New York is a gossip town. It might be a foreshadow that Nick and Tom, etc. will be in the town tattle soon.

#6
They live below the apartment Tom and Mrs. Wilson have their affair in. 
Mr McKee: a pale, female man
Mrs McKee: A shrill, languid, handsome and horrible woman
Mr McKee is a photographer, but he is not too successful in his business. He needs an entry into the photography business.

#7
Catherine is the only person not drinking, she is Myrtle's sister. She seems to be involved in all the conversations going on.

#8
Daisy is catholic, therefore she doesn't believe in divorce. Obviously, Tom must have made up this lie.

#9
Her dream is being rich, famous, admired (she dreams the American Dream).

#10
She comes from a lower education, she is superficial. It represents her class.

#11
She is a naive and "blond" woman, she doesn't know the world. Catherine is a gullible person in my opinion.

#12
The rumor is that Gatsby has his money from Kaiser Wilhelm. She might wouldn't want to be connected to him because he is rich. But her tone reveals she is interested in him because he is mysterious. Catherine wants to get to know him.

#13
Myrtle looks for an advantage in everything, she married him because she thought he could offer her a new / better life. As soon as she discovers this is not going to happen, she starts regretting this marriage. That's like her dog choice; she ended up with a mutt instead of a pure police dog.

#14
He broke her nose because they argued about whether Mrs Wilson is allowed to say Daisy's name or not (Tom thinks she is not worth enough to mention her name). Plus, he is a violent person and he doesn't care about Myrtle's feelings.

Words of the Day

Feigned (adj)
Most of the people are feigned, escpecially boys, they play with our feelings.

Languidly (adv)
I languidly did my homework yesterday because I was so tired...

The Great Gatsby

Homework 01/05/11
Chapter One Study Questions

#1
The main theme of “The Great Gatsby” is about the death / impossibilities of the American Dream. He uses these words to eventually make clear that this dream is not possible to live.

#2
He has a college education, he has a well family background, he observes situations.

#3
It’s set in 1922, June 7th.

#4
Nick comes from Chicago and later moved western to study at the Yale University. He is not poor but does not belong to the “old wealth.” He seems to be an honest person, which is a good skill for narrating.

#5
Jordan Baker is a cynical or “hard” type of person. She seems to be the opposite of Daisy who is a little naïve and blonde. Jordan is a smart woman. The first thing Nick notices about her is her raised chin, she holds it “as if she were balancing something on it which was quite likely to fall.”

#6
Nick somehow seems to be intimidated by Jordan’s appearance (“I was almost surprised into murmuring an apology for having disturbed her by coming in”).

#7
Tom thinks about himself as a clever and smart kind of person, but in fact he is racist and a womanizer. Probably, he is a good-looking guy, that’s what makes him so confident. He appears to be superficial.

#8
Nick describes her laugh as “an absurd, charming little laugh.” It is like a song, contagious and melodious. This makes her seems almost fairy; she is a very fragile woman but it also makes her seem naïve.

#9
Jordan seems to know how human beings “work,” she has experienced enough to know the world. She can’t be fooled by anyone. She might have experienced something (like being fooled by a man) that makes her think that way.

#10
Tom is a womanizer and racist, he doesn’t care about his wife or other people. He introduces the book he recently read as a scientific book, but in fact it spreads racism. He has an affair with a woman from New York. Furthermore, he has a lot of money and he belongs to the “old (true) wealth.”

#11

Words of the Day

Wan  (adj)
A sick person's face is usually wan because of the illness.

Prodigality (n)
Shopaholics suffer from prodigality; they spend too much money on buying (useless) things.

Words Of The Day

Wan
pale and giving the impression of illness or exhaustion

Prodigality
wastefulness, spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully

Feigned

Languidly

Colossal

Complacency

Levity

Extemporizing

Supercilious

Infitinesimal

Fractiousness

Huck Discussion Questions

Questions XL - Chapter The Last

#1
Jim is a good person, he risked his own life for Tom. He put Tom's heath before his freedom (life).

#2
After that, the people didn't treat Jim as bad as they would have done if he hadn't held this speech.
The people are very gullible, they get convinced so easily by other person's opinions. I don't really like this attitude, but it helped Jim!

#3
Tom makes a necklace out of it so that he can show it around like: Look, I got shot but I'm still alive. Again, this is a hint to romantic novels because big heroes probably would have done the same.

#4
He is going to run away soon. This society does not make much sense to him so he prefers to create his own universe again. He doesn't want to be civilized and educated, etc. All he wants is being free and having the freedom of going wherever he wants to.

#5
You would have had a complete different book with a third person as the narrator. You als wouldn't have created such a strong relationship to Huck.
Huck is an unreliable narrator, he doesn't really know what's happening. But his way of telling the story (in his childish, naive way) makes the book also unique. It is not as normal as all the other books are, where the narrator is omniscient.
If a different person would have told the story it wouldn't have been as funny as it was. Huck's character makes it one of a kind. Toms view, for instance, would have turned the book into a simple romantic story.

History Finals

Questions for History Finals

PART I: 1492-1754

1) What was Columbus looking for?
India

2) Why was a passage to India important for European countries to find?
The Europeans looked for a way to start a direct trade between Europe and Asia

3) How did the crusades change European and how did it lead to the exploration of the "New World"?
They awake Europe to trade, to make money

4) How did tobacco change the course of America (particularly the Virginia colony)?
Made America more than ‘getting rid of people’, enabled Jamestown to survive, “you can make money in America”, gave people who came over to America land, but also led to slavery

5) Discuss the rise of self-government in America (make sure you note the House of Burgesses, the Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut).

6) How did religion play an essential role in the shaping of the early colonies?
Freedom of religion was important; people from Europe looked for a place to practice their own beliefs in peace because they were persecuted in their home countries.

7) Discuss why early colonists came to America (the various reasons - begin to relate these to the American Dream and the American Character).
Came with idea of religious freedom, idea of owning land, idea of capitalism, making money (all part of today’s American Dream)

8) What was the Great Migration?
The Puritan’s migration to New England; they looked for religious freedom because of persecution in their home country

9) What was the renaissance and how does it fit with the exploration of the Americas?
A revival of interest in art, humanities, science, stimulated through the connection with the Middle East after the crusades, stimulated by trade, people had more time to dedicate themselves to art and education because they made money with trading, people were trying to find even better trade routes (which led to Columbus)

10) Where the 1st Europeans to the Americas "Explorers" or "Invaders"? Please justify your answer.
 


11) How did the English distance the relationship between indentured whites and black slaves? Why did they fear a relationship between the two?
The English feared the slaves would get together against the British; indentured whites formed bonds, which could have trained slaves how to rebel, they rewarded indentured whites with land when they were free (if you were black, slavery was never over; whites were released after a certain time)

13) Know the following people:
John Rolfe: Married Pocahontas, was able to harvest the first tobacco plant for Virginia -> saved the Virginia Company

John Smith: Military man, went along to set up the Virginia plantations, helped them survive for the first years

John Winthrop: Founder of the Massachusetts Bay colony

Anne Hutchinson: Kicked out of Massachusetts because she began questioning religious authority, she believed that god spoke to her directly (no-go because she was a woman), went to rhode island after being banned

Roger Williams: Founder of Rhode Island, believed that the government should not make people worship in a certain way and not take away land from natives

William Bradford: Responsible for the Mayflower Compact

John Wheelright: Founder of New Hampshire

Jacques Marquette: Explores the Mississippi River, French

Samuel de Champlain: Explorer, Founder of Montréal

Francis Drake: English pirate, steals from the Spanish ships that are returning from the New World, first Englishman to sail around the world

John Cabot: Explores Newfoundland

Henry Hudson: Exlores Hudson Bay and River

Ferdinand Magellan: Spanish, first person to sail around the world

Francisco Pizarro: Conqueres the Incas, Spanish

Hernan Cortes: Spanish, conquers the Aztecs

Squanto, Samoset: Natives who helped the Pilgrims

14) What is the difference between the Separatists and Puritans?
Puritans wanted to reform the Anglican religion, separatists wanted to break off

15) Discuss King Phillips War and how it changed America?
King Phillip = Native leader, changed America because it completely wiped out his group, made Massachusetts open (Native-free) for new people to settle there

16) When did the 1st Africans come to the English colonies? Where? What was the purpose of importing them (be specific)?
Virginia colony, to farm tobacco, in 1619

17) According to Zinn why were Africans easier to force into labor than Native Americans or poor white immigrants?
They didn’t know the country, didn’t know each other or each other’s culture, disconnected from their culture, didn’t know anybody

19) How did religious freedom, slavery, and self-government shape the first 13 colonies (be exact - this should be an paragraph for each).
Religious freedom: the Northern States were founded for being able to worship freely, people from Europe were escaping religious persecution and went to the Northern States (rhode island, Maryland etc.)

Slavery: slavery was popular in the southern states because slaves were used and needed for labor, states were based on agriculture (rice and tobacco), slaves were cheap labor

Self-government: starts in Virginia, it became important for the colonists to have some sort of government, in the beginning there were charters, colonies asking for own government

20) How did the Massacre at Mystic change America?
It made it acceptable to kill Native Americans, made it legitimate to kill Natives as a way to remove them

22) What was Nat Bacon's rebellion really about?
Rebellion against the English government; settlers in Virginia wanted to continue to move west, the government didn’t allow them to move into Native territories; shows the colonists were not willing to be directed by a king thousands of miles away

23) Why did Philadelphia become an important city?

It became sort of the capital of the US, had a large population, big thinkers (ben franklin) lived there, had theatres and libraries and newspapers, a place that was open for everybody (religion), 1st and 2nd continental congress met in Philadelphia

PART II: FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

* What are the reasons the war starts and spreads to become a world war?
Struggle for land and territory, control over the Ohio valley, religious differences
Colonists wanted to move west, British wanted to get the French out of America, French wanted to get the british out of “their” territory, Native unbalanced power in the region, didn’t want the English there

*What are the reasons the French lost?
French government stopped providing their army with supplies, French have trouble keeping their Native allies because they upset them

*How do the British turn the tide of the War?
They take over Ticonderoga, convince the Natives to not support the French, give the colonists pretty much all they want to make them join them and get rid of their French ally

* What are the results of the war?
French: removed from North America, lose their power

Natives: colonist invading their land more and more

British: a large war debt to pay off (although they won)

* How did the war begin?
George Washington was sent with a group of Natives to move the French out of Pittsburgh, the Natives attacked and killed the French leader -> sparked the war

*What was George Washington's role in the war and how did it prepare him for the Revolution?
Aid of General Braddock, learned a lot about discipline and how to train an army, it set up his ideas what a professional army needed

* Why were the following people important:
Edward Braddock: The English leader against the French, the first British general in America, underestimates the French and Indian method to fight (thoght they would never stand up to a professional army like the British’s)

Half-King: Native leader, killed the French leader (actually starts the war)

Marquis de Montcalm: French leader, won basically all his battles until Montréal

James Wolfe: Leader in the battle of Quebec

General Forbes: British general who built the road from Pennsylvania to what becomes Fort Pitt, made ally with the Natives

William Pitt: British minister, gave the colonies pretty much what they wanted

* Discuss the Native Indians role and importance in the war. What battles did they fight in? How did they change the power structure? What agenda did they have?
Fought with the French

Fought in Fort William Henry, Fort Dequisne, Fort Oswego
The side they were on won most of the early battles

They wanted a group to win that would not take away their land

* The French and Indian war begin over what area of land?
Ohio country

* Why did the Native Americans take captives? Was this an effective practice?
Used them to threaten colonists, to replace warriors, to exchange warriors or goods, to warn settlers in their area

PART III: The Revolution

1) According to Paul Johnson what was the most deciding factor in the colonists victory over the British.
Better leaders

2) How did the colonists win the media war, the ideological battle and the emotional battle?
Media war: had control over all the media, used it for propaganda, used certain events as propaganda (boston massacre)
Ideological battle: better leaders, declaration of independence, reasons for actual war, Thomas Jefferson is able to synthesize their philosophy into political ideas, British didn’t have a real reason for war
Emotional battle: idea of a common good, also propaganda (such as Common Sense, the Crisis written by Thomas Paine)

3) What important things did Patrick Henry do?
“Give me liberty or give me death”-speech, one of the grat orators of the revoluton, convinced Virginia to vote for independence (-> big influence)

4) How was Thomas Jefferson a “mass of contradictions”
he did one thing and was convinced of the opposite: He owned slaves but was against slavery; voted against importation from british goods but bought a lot from Britain

5) What was Thomas Jefferson’s most important quality (according to Johnson)
Had the ability to look at the philosophy of history (the moment) and to synthesize it for the general public; wrote the Declaration of Independece

6) What did Common Sense do? Who wrote it?
Thomas Paine

Propaganda, persuasive in an emotional way, brings together the masses, 1000 copies, bought and sold all over the country, everyone who could read bought it

7) What was the 1st constitution? What powers did it give the government?
The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution and it granted the government power to conduct war

8) What was the paradox of the war (at least from Britain's point of view)?
The British didn’t really want to win the war; if they won it would have cost them only more money and trouble to keep their colonies in line, if they lost they basically just lost their pride

9) What was Washington's main strength as a commander? Why did he win the war?
Discipline; he knew how to train an army. He won the war because he was able to keep the army alive and made the soldiers hold out until the British surrendered

10) What were the four points of the Peace of Paris - as laid out by John Adams?
1. Independence for America
2. Fishing rights in Newfoundland
3. Definite boundary between Canada and the US
4. Boundaries of the 13 colonies

11) Why did slavery increase during the revolution?
Soldiers needed to be replaced on the fields, the slaves were cheap labor, a lot more demand for goods needed to be satisfied

12) Who were the big losers of the war (name three)? List what they lost and explain why they are the biggest losers.
France= didn’t get anything from the war, they supported the Americans but were forgotten in the end
Britain= lose their colonies and pride, just got further in debt
Natives= were removed, their land was taken away

13) What happened to the Loyalists in America after the war?
The options:
1. Stayung in America but being put up with rebukes from their countrymen -> were treated as permanent outsiders
2. Going to Britain (British didn’t really want them either)
3. Going west (best option!)

14) What were the most important battles of the war? Why do you think they are the most important? (Note battles is plural)?
Trenton – gave Washington’s army a much needed victory
Yorktown – last major battle in the war, made America win
Princeton – another Washington victory, surprise attack on New Year’s Day
Saratoga – showed the French that the Americans could actually win -> made French join the American side

15) List at least five reasons why the Americans won.
Better leaders, population was growing, defending is easier than attacking, support of the people, America a reason to win, home court advantage, alliance with the French

16) List the importance of the following people in the cause of the Revolution.
A) Thomas Paine: wrote The Crisis and Common Sense, a propagandist

B) Thomas Jefferson: wrote Declaration of Independence, won the ideological war, but was not a was not a speaker

C) John Adams: One of the Founding Fathers, spoke on the floor of the first and second continental congress, which helped voting for independence

D) Samuel Adams: formed the Sons of Liberty, the important agitator behind the propaganda (Boston Massacre, Tea Party)

E) John Hancock: rich man from Boston, first person to sign the Declaration of Independence, the money behind the revolution (without money he wouldn’t have been important)

F) George Washington: the leader of the army and therefore face of the revolution

G) James Otis: Came up with the slogan “No taxation without representation”, Boston lawyer, influenced the Founding Fathers

H) Benjamin Franklin: convinced the French to join America, the face of America in Europe, internationally known

I) Benedict Arnold (think beyond his treason): defeats the British several times (Saratoga)

J) Patrick Henry: Give me liberty or give me death - speech, without him America probably wouldn’t have the Bill of Rights

K) Alexander Hamilton: was born in the West Indies, set up the bank of America, became right hand of Washington

17) Who was Molly Pitcher?
Took over the canon after her husband went away

18) Why did the British strategy for the war make little sense?
Just took over the major capitals, they took their time, were too kind with the Americans (thought the Americans were misguided and just needed to be brought back to normal)

19) How did the British fail to win the war in 1776? Who was the General in charge?
General Howe;
Waited too long and didn’t fight in the winter (European strategy)

20) "America was already developing the notion that all were entitled to the best if they worked hard enough, that aiming high was not only morally acceptable but admirable." Discuss the importance of this statement.
American dream

21) Who were the two most important people involved with the push towards a new constitution?
Madison, Hamilton

22) Give examples of how the Articles of Confederation failed.
They didn’t establish a strong central government:
When shay’s rebellion happened they didn’t really know what to do
Made 13 different states regulating things like trade amongst each others and dealing and breaking treaties with foreign countries on their own
They couldn’t tax money
--> 13 separate countries doing whatever they wanted

23) In your option why would some people prefer State rights over a strong Central government. What are the arguments for both sides?
Strong Central Government: Would give stability
State Rights: Government can’s misuse the power and limit the state’s rights

24) What is a nomiocracy? How do you feel about this term connected with the U.S. government?
A government run by lawyers

25) What were the three compromises on the Constitution? Which one of these seems the strangest to you?
1. slavery
2. Electing a president
3. Rights of house and senat


26) What is the irony about the President vs. a King as example by Johnson?
The President had more power than the king

27) Know the importance of Valley Forge. What happened there? What the troops had to overcome? Compare this with the British winter quarters.
Was the winter quarter for the American army, the troops become closer, built up the basis of what becomes the army that wins the war, made America win a victory of strength and mind (In contrast: The British were comfortable in Philadelphia)

28) What help did France, Spain, and the Netherlands offer the colonies?
France: money and troops
Netherlands and Spain: money

29) What is important about Judith Sargeant Murray and Abigail Adams?
Fought for women’s rights

30) Discuss the war in the west.
31) Discuss the war in the south.
32) What is the importance of the following people: A) George Rogers Clark. B) John Paul Jones. C) Nathanael Greene. D) Comte de Rochambeau. E) Admiral Francois de Grasse.33) What is important about Washington's farewell address?
34) Why did the natives give support to the British?
35) Why did the British think their military forces were superior to those of the Americans?
36) Why was fighting on their own land an advantage for the Americans?

PART IV: The Constitution, Jefferson, War of 1812, Jackson

1) Discuss the significance of Thomas Jefferson's quote: "A little rebellion now and then is a good thing...God forbid that we should ever be twenty year without such a rebellion...The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants."

2) Why did Shay's Rebellion happen?

3) The constitution is "a political creation, hammered together in a series of artfully negotiated compromises. Discuss these compromises.

4) What was the Virginia Plan?

5) "No person held in service" was a euphemism for what?

6) List the basic Powers and Checks of the three branches of the government.

7) Who wrote the Federalist Papers and why did they write them?
Madison, Hamilton and john jay, to get support for the ratification of the constitution, why the constitution should be ratified

9) Who could wrote in the first election (what parts of the population)?

10) How did Washington D.C. come be located on the banks of the Potomac?
The leaders of Virginia wanted to have influence, they wanted to have infuence on the government

11) What did Jay's Treaty do?
    Was under john adams, kept the united states out of the war with britain

12) What was the "Whiskey Rebellion" and how was it put down?
    Uprising by western farmers putting tax on whiskey, to raise the money, farmers could make money out of whiskey

13) Describe the election of 1800? How was it finally resolved?

14) Who was John Marshall?

15) Why did France sell its North America possessions (the Louisiana territory) to the U.S.?
Napoleon no longer had the right over Haiti, he needed money, needed to concentrate on the war in Europe

With this purchase, Jefferson made the Central Government stronger.

16) What did Lewis and Clark do? Describe their journey?

17) How did Hamilton incur the wrath of Aaron Burr? Was he right in what he did? How did the ordeal end?
He interfered with or stopped Burr’s ability to win President, stopped the ability to become Governor of new york, Burr war pretty much dead after that
Was he right? Hamilton thought Burr was corrupt and did things that were better for himself than for the country

18) What was Jefferson's Embargo Act? Why was it unpopular and what was it supposed to do?
During the war between France and England, Jefferson was trying to not take sides and keeping the US out of the war -> one way to do that was keeping the US out of trade -> made him extremely unpopular

19) What did Tecumseh try and do?
He tried to bring together all the Native tribes, put together an alliance against the invaders

20) Describe the Battle of Tippecanoe?

21) Most historians call the War of 1812 a draw. Why?
The treaty (outcome of the war) did nothing, didn’t answer the question that led to the war

22) Describe the Battle of New Orleans.

23) What did the Monroe Doctrine state?
No interference in the American powers by the Western hemisphere, warning to the European powers to stay out of American business

24) What was the Missouri Compromise?

25) How was the election of 1824 decided? Why was it called a "corrupt bargain"?
There were 4 candidates (Andrew Jackson, John Q Adams, Henry Clay…), while Jackson had the most votes, no candidate had the majority -> Jackson went to the House of Representatives, Henry Clay was the head of the House of Representatives
John Adams was a better candidate, Andrew Jackson was hot-headed, Adams won because he was named by Henry Clay

26) List some of the labels attached to Andrew Jackson.

27) Was Andrew Jackson an Indian hater? What did the natives call him? What "Indian Wars" did he fight in and what was the outcome? What was his native "policy" as President?

28) How did Jackson come to symbolize the common people?

29) Name the 1st seven Presidents of the United States

War of 1812

1) Importance of Fort McHenry: the National Anthem

2) Burning of D.C. by the British:

3) Battle of Baltimore (Plattsburg): where the British general is killed, war is going to an end

4) Battle of New Orleans: After the treaty had been signed, combined American forces (militia, common people, black people, pirates etc.) were fighting, most lopsided victory in American history, made Andrew Jackson a national hero, symbolized that America could stand up to a foreign invasion

5) Native Defeats: Tecumseh and the Creeks (Battle of Thames and Horseshoe Bend)

Compromises of the consitution:

1. The division of House (amount of senators based on population) and Senat (amount of senators divided equally, every state has 2 senators)

2. Slavery (not the word slave in the constitution etc.)

3. How the President was elected

1) Discuss the following during Jackson administration:
a) The changes in voting policies

Voting policy opened up; 1. only white males who owned land and paid taxes were allowed to vote, 2. all white were allowed to vote
b) The Spoils System
Jackson gave positions in the Government to his friends and followers (people who helped him get elected)
c) Changes in the Electoral College
Before Jackson: the states chose who they wanted to vote for president,

During Jackson: the actual people voted for president -> it became more democratic
d) The fight between State Rights and the Central Government (think about the Tariff Debate, the Issue of Nullification, John C. Calhoun and the threat of secession). How do these issues foreshadow the Civil War?
The South didn’t like the tariff that Jackson put on imported goods, they believed that the states had a right to nullify the law if it didn’t help them at all

Calhoun plays with the idea of secession (does a state have the right to secede?)

Jackson supported the Central Government, Calhoun quits being Vice President to strengthen the state rights

2) Describe the Cherokee removal from their lands. Make sure you include the following:
a) How the Cherokee lived in 1830.
One of the five civilized tribes, they lived in farming societies, had a lot of things that United States people had (written language, books, newspapers), lived on land that settlers wanted (the Government of Georgia)
b) The previous treaties made to the Cherokee by the U.S. Government.
US had signed a treaty with the Cherokee as recognition, guarantee their property and their land; Georgia wanted this land
c) The Cherokee suing the state government and the ruling in the Supreme Court by John Marshall.
    

d) Andrew Jackson's reaction to John Marshall.

e) General Winfield Scott's role.

f) The Trail of Tears.
Thousands of cherokees died

3) Discuss Jackson's fight against the Bank of the United States.
a) What were his arguments against the bank?
He thought the bank was only for wealthy people; made wealthy people wealthier, it did nothing for the common men (Jackson himself was a selfmade man)
b) How does he win against the bank?
He took all the government’s money out of it -> bankrupt

Possible Essay Questions for Test:

4) Be able to trace self-government and the democracy from Virginia Plantation to the Jacksonian Era. Make sure you include reasons why self-government was important to the early colonies (and the earliest examples of colonists self-government), how the local governments come to have a separation of church and state, control of education, contain ideas of freedom of the press; how the French and Indian War was influence by the colonial self-government and how this begin the Revolution; the ideas found in the Declaration, Bill of Rights, and the fight between the ideas of State rights and a Strong Central Government; and who got to vote and how these voters expanded during Jackson's reign.

Self government starts with the House of Burgesses (Virginia plantations). It was important for the people in Virginia because it allowed them to make their own laws and to separate from the Virginia company. This was an important step because the company was thousands of miles away (in Britain) and it didn’t know what was going on on the plantations
The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and the Mayflower Compact (the Pilgrims land outside of the Virginia charter, needed to have a reason/agreement to work together in order to survive) were the earliest forms of Self-Governments (South: formed for economical purposes, North: religious freedom;
Separation of church and state: Salem Witch Trials)

The control of education comes from the revival of the Great Awakening. It was a rebirth of religion, but also helped establish a lot of colleges in the US.

John Peter Zenger was responsible for the freedom of press, he tried to print articles about the Royal Government, he was found not guilty. He pushed the idea of publishing something about the royalties and not being punished.
French and Indian War was influenced by colonial self governemt: Colonies wanted to expand, British wanted the colonies’ support by giving money to them, the colonists felt that they didn’t have to listen to the British. They didn’t want to automatically follow the British Government because the British looked down on the colonists.
The Declaration of Independece included that all men are created equal. It contained the idea of democracy and that all men have certain rights. The Bill of Rights insured those rights.
Central vs. state government: what is the best for the people? Strong Central Government wins first, but idea of State Rights continues -> It’s not being revolved until the civil war
The discussion about who gets to vote was an argument of time; at first it was only white men who paid taxes, then all white men, eventually after the civil war all white men plus black men. After that, finally women were also included.

5) Be able to trace the idea of the American Dream or the Image of what it means to be an American from the Virginia Plantation (making money), to Plymouth Rock (came because of religious freedom) and the North Colonies, to the ideas of expansion, the Revolution, and the ideas of the self-made man. Be sure to include: Benjamin Franklin, Andrew Jackson, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, the ideas of the Revolution, and the Louisiana Purchase.

Idea of American dream starts way back in the beginning while the coonists came over, people who came over for the Virginia company came over for either making money or for religious freedom
Then the idea of expansion, the idea of going West developes because after the Eastern Coast was settled, settlers saw the possibilities of moving to the Western Coast and starting new farms there. The revoluton brought that all men are created equal and have equal rights to happiness. Everyone can own things, men who come from nothing (Ben Frankling, etc) became symbol
The Lousinia Purchase opens up the west and the United States suddenly have the right to expand and to settle on the other coast.

6) Discuss the role of slavery and its growth from its inception in 1619 through 1830. Make sure you bring up the following: the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, the Constitution, the Compromise of 1820, Jackson's invasion of Florida, the difference between North and South economies.

Slavery started on the Virginia plantations because people were needed to harvest rice and tobacco, and slaves meant cheap labor. In the Declaration of Independence was written that all men are equal. Only slaves were not mentioned, so slaves were not included in this statement.

Thomas Jefferson was a great writer but a mass of contradiction.
The Constitution insured slaves (3/5th comprmise) as a property that will be taxed. Like in the Declaration, the word slavery was not mentioned. The Compromise of 1820: The new states must equal out the power between free and slave states

One of Jackson’s excuse for invadind Florida was that there were runaway slaves
The North was slavery-free, in contrast to the South where slaves were needed because of economic reasons. The weather conditions in southern states offered a lot of plantation and therefore, a lot of labor was needed.

Huckleberry Finn

Huck Discussion Questions XXXI - XXXV

#1
Yes, because
He realizes he would literally go to hell for Jim, although he knows he is doing something wrong by running away with Jim (he is stealing someone's property), he is completely against society now; he decides to actually steal Jim

#2
He literally thinks he'll go to hell. He decides to help Jim, though.

#3
Again, Huck is reborn; he finally took a stand. The theme of death and rebirth is continued.

#4
"Providence always put the right words in my mouth."Huck sort of becomes religious with his sentence, he believes in fate. As long as he doesn't force his destiny, it will guide him through everything. Ms Watson probably would agree because she is a very religious person.

#5
He makes up a story again; she doesn't even think about the nigger as a human!

#6
Romanticism vs. realism, luck!, death and rebirth, freedom to form a plan (because he as access to insider information), help from Tom Sawyer

#7
Huck really wants to help Jim because they became friends, he feels responsible for him. Tom on the other side only wants adventure. He wants to experience an adventure he read about in his romantic books.

#8
He has a good heart. He still doesn't want them being punished this cruel although they haven't been good persons to Huck.

#9
Stealing is not okay, unless you use them for breaking out of prison.

#10
He thinks Tom knows what to do, he just follows him. He thinks Tom's way is the right way because he trusts his friend.

Huckleberry Finn

Huck Discussion Questions: XXI - XXIII

#1
Huck describes the town in Arkansaw as an area pretty dirty and muddy. The inhabitants are cruel persons, just like Twain described humans in "The Damned Human Race." They are able to lynch people of their town.

#2
Huck watches the Duke and the King in the role of an outsider. He observes them without reacting. Their ideas seem a little dubios and queer to Huck. He doesn't want to have anything to do with their role plays because he senses trouble arising from them, and he rather stays away from trouble.

#3
He says honor has to be protected with one's life, it's more important than any other value. With the scene in the drugstore he satirizes that people tend to be voyeuristic/curious. They have to be the first watching something, ALWAYS! Even in very personal situations (deaths, e.g.)

#4
When the Duke and the King performed Shakespeare, hardly anyone came to watch it because the town was not educated enough for such a "high educated" performance. Changing their acting to easier entertainment (Royal Nonesuch), it became a great success. Like a circus, this was nothing to think about, the audience didn't have to use their brains for understanding it. This is why the town liked the second performances and the circus so much. 

#5
Huck still is a naive boy; Twain doesn't want the readers to forget about his character and his age. He lives through so many things that you almost forget he still is a child. With this incident, Twain recalls his naivity and gullibility.

#6
It made people curious because they wanted to know why women and children were not allowed. Again, this is a hint that people need to know everything. Every secret needs to be discovered.

#7
He compares these two men to real royalties. They are unreliable and not honest too. Both are selfish and addicted to money.

#8
It shows Jim's humanity. He misses his own children and wife and feels really bad for wronging 'Lizabeth. He can't forgive himself because he didn't have any right to slap her.

#9
-Widow adopts Huck, gives him education and food everyday, a bed to sleep in, makes him a "good boy"; Huck possesses 6000 Dollars; this life makes him feel uncomfortable, wants to get away
-He runs away from her -> Tom's gang (are pretty much only wanna-be's)
-Pap appears
-Huck gives the money to the Judge, doesn't want Pap to have it
-Pap takes him with him to a cabin, makes him live an easy life, Huck likes it although he gets slapped every now and then; but in the end he decides to run away
-he fakes his death, succedes to run away to Jackson Island
-Huck finds Jim (Ms. Watson's (the widow's sister) slave)
-he plays a prank on Jim (the snake's skin) -> bad luck; they travel with their boat over the river north
-Huck goes to town, dresses like a girl, the woman he tries to fool gets his "real" identity (his plan fails); he finds out the woman's husband is going to look for Jim on the island because of bounty set on him
-the "Walter Scott" incident (gang on a boat tries to kill one of the members, the baot sinks, Huck tries to help them)
-they get lost in the fog, Huck playing a joke on Jim
-their raft hits a steam boat, they get seperated
-Huck meets the Grangerfords; meets Jim again
-they run away together eventually
-they are meeting 2 guys pretending to be a Duke/ a King (two run-aways)
-Town of Arkansaw: they are acting Shakespeare; can't convince anyone to watch it
-switch their play to "Royal Nonesuch", a great success!
-Buck gets killed in town, shows a society without rules

Huckleberry Finn

Huckleberry Finn

Discussion Questions

Additions:

#1
The widow is described as a woman with a good heart. She accomodates Huck and gives him enough to eat. When he hears that the story of Moses is already thousands of years old, he doesn't like it anymore because he isn't interested in dead people.
This shows he is a realistic by that lives in the here and now.

#3
Huck doesn't want to die because he wans't to experience adventures. Death is "too boring"

#4
Tom takes the hat of Jim and puts it on one of Jim's limbs. It is a boyish trick, not meant in a bad way.

#11
Huck does not understand that Tom is just joking. He literally thinks that Tom is expecting A-rabs and elephants.

Huckleberry Finn

Huckleberry Finn

Discussion Questions

#1
The irony about it is that usually, parents want their children to have a better life than they had, and to become wealthier and richer, more educated etc. Huck's father doesn't care about that.

#2
The society does not want to interfere with a family's rules. It is not like they don't want to have Huck a better life, they just don't want to break a family's traditions.

#3
With his father, he has an easy, free life. He doesn't have to go to school and to follow rules. It is a sort of freedom, which Huck really likes but is not actually good for you. Education (going to school) is hard but definitely good for you.

#4
He says: "Why does the government let a black person become something?!"
But: He neither has money nor a job nor is he living properly (he drinks a lot of alcohol). So why does he presume to have the right to live better than everyone else?

Huckleberry Finn

Huckleberry Finn

Discussion Questions

#2
The spider and the owl are both examples of superstition in the book. They are connected with death.

#5
He was "ruined" (became cocky and stuck up) because he was a slave. And at that time, slaves were not supposed to attract attention.

#6
Tom Sawyer left 5 cents for the candles. Huck instead wouldn't have left the money. So is Tom a better person than Huck?
No, because the difference between them is that Huck wouldn't have taken the candles if he hadn't needed them. Tom on the other side does not actually need them. But because he knows he does something wrong there, he tries to pay for it. But it wasn't necessary to do something wrong.
Huck, in contrast, isn't able to think that far. He is not educated and clever enough.

#7
Tom: A clever boy, grown up in his brain, can act and think like an adult, relies on romantic literature to know what to do
Huck: Naive but a realist, innocent and childish

#8
Being called a highwayman sounds much more noble than being called a simple burglar. Stopping a carriage is much more complicated than just walking in someone's house.

#9
He understood it like: You pray for it - You get it. When he figures out he has to pray for others he doesn't understand why everyone prays then. Why doing something when you can't take advantage of it?

#10
Huck doesn't understand that Tom is actually playing a game with him. He doesn't get that it is all a big joke.

#12
He wants it rather to be in the Judge's hands than under his father's control.